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The standard workhorse of cosmology for the last 25 years has been the Lambda Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) which assumes the universe is roughly homogenous.
Originally Lambda was Einsteins 'fudge factor' to explain why the universe wasn't collapsing under its own weight
In his time, scientists thought the universe was static, neither expanding or contracting. Within GR however it should be collapsing under the force of gravity.
Einstein added this Lambda parameter to balance the force of gravity to yield a static universe
In 1929 Edwin Hubble made an incredible discovery: the further away a galaxy was, the faster it appeared to be moving away from this.
He was able to determine this by measuring Cepheid variable stars, which have a consistent relationship between their brightness and pulsation
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The fact the universe was expanding meant Lambda was no longer necessary to balance out gravity, and Einstein called it his 'greatest blunder'
If you run this expanding universe backwards in time, it seems like everything is expanding from a single origin point, and in the 1960s astronomers detected faint radio signals coming from all directions in space.
The faint echos of the original Big Bang
This model of the universe, where things started from a single origin and uniformly expanded outwards, dominated for decades until the 1990s.
Astronomers were looking at Type Ia supernova at high redshift to see how the expansion of the universe was slowing down over time
Type
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Instead, at high redshift they found that supernova were much dimmer than expected than if the expansion had been slowed down by gravity.
On the contrary, the rate of expansion appeared to be accelerated. Lambda, the cosmological constant, was so back.
This is the current mainstream cosmological model. Dark Energy, a mysterious unknown entity that makes accounts for 69% of the total energy constant, drives a constant volumetric expansion of space. More space means more expansion, which is why the size is accelerating.
Here's where it might be completely wrong. It assumes that space is homogenous, or roughly the same density everywhere.
However space is extremely inhomogenous - there are regions of dense galactic clusters, and then massive voids between them
Mass curves spacetime to produce gravity. But, there's no difference between being accelerated by gravity or accelerating from a rocket.
This is called Einsteins Equivalence principle, and applying it to inhomogenous cosmology may eliminate Dark Energy altogether
This is because the further down a gravitational well you are, the slower clocks run compared to clocks further up-well.
You can reason this yourself if you consider bouncing a photon between two mirrors at the top and bottom of an accelerating rocket. Exercise for the reader
The important thing is this: In the voids between large galaxies time runs much faster than inside galaxies, and these voids are inhomogenous.
If you had an initial expansion of the universe from the Big Bang, more time has elapsed in the voids - possibly billions of years more
The researchers behind the Timescape model, as its known, used the familiar Type 1a supernova as standard candles and compared a goodness-of-fit Bayesian statistics to assess how timescape versus LCDM model can explain the observed redshift
Now, you can do a lot of statistical trickery to get a favored result to your own pet theory. Why should Timescape model be taken seriously? Two big reasons:
- The universe is emphatically not homogenous, and so void regions DO have a faster clock-rate than galactic
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I think I remember Elon saying something like ‘Dark Energy is a stupid theory’ once.
the mind bender for me has always been
sure Big Bang
and
the universe is still accelerating its expansion
but, what ‘something’ is it expanding into?
what is there first?
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Time is "falling." It falls less where there is a lot of mass. Should explain why spiral galaxies spin the way they do, since the space between the arms expands more than the arms.
A way to abolish dark energy by applying general relativity more carefully! should love this! And yet after a month, she has not yet made a video about it. It isn't in her very recent "The Biggest Physics News of 2024" although that does mention other changes in dark
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Physicists will eat me alive but the dark energy (and dark matter) explanation feels like we just don't know what's going on yet.
Hi , I was one of the co-leads of the Pantheon+ supernova analysis that these authors try to re-analyze here. I can say that this analysis is very confusing, and I can't see any piece of it that has statistical significance. Normally, if one tries to propose a new
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Dark Energy’s been the go-to explanation for cosmic acceleration—but this thread lays out how ‘timescape’ might upend that. If we’ve been fooled by uneven timeflow in cosmic voids, we might scrap one of modern cosmology’s biggest pillars. Let the revolution begin.
"Siri, write me a 30 page paper, with citations, on why Dark Energy is completely wrong."
Einstein said time is an illusion. Ever wonder why? Always wanted a Deeper Knowledge of Science? Wish you could Understand Einstein and Quantum Mechanics without needing a degree in Math or Science? This is the book you’ve been waiting for!
My problem with time is that it’s always the now. So how could a space be experiencing more now’s?
Are we saying things just age faster in certain areas?
that's the most compelling explanation I've ever heard
you had me at: "The accelerating expansion instead is simply because time runs faster in the voids between galaxies."
holy fuck, that grabs me by the soul as true
okay this is cool. Anything that includes the phrase "time runs faster in the voids between galaxies" gets my attention.
If timescape wins, the phrase ‘dark energy’ might become the next cosmic phlogiston. Embrace the upheaval—scientific revolutions are messy but glorious.
We see the same effect at a smaller scale in the GPS error budget. Gotta correct for time distortion between sea level and mid-geo orbit.
Seems should be falsifiable? Light would speed up in these gaps relative to the rest of the universe?
Right or wrong I like this. It’s mind bending, but makes sense. Also helpful since we haven’t proven much about dark energy
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You have a severely underrated account and post some high quality stuff mate. Really enjoyed delving into that one. I’m sus on String Theory/Quantum gravity until I see more but really enjoy the folks who push the envelope like yourself. Cheers and Merry Christmas.
If the universe is computational, and time is the computation of the next states of the universe, it’s intuitive that computing the next state of vast areas of void is a trivially rapid computation compared to regions of higher complexity.
Ya, that's what I said. Almost 15yrs ago now. I wrote a paper as a response to a quora question.
Here's a link to a recreation on X.
x.com/CalinBeale/sta
The part that confuses most people is when you say "time". Time is space. It's much less confusing when you tell people
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Quote
Calin Beale
@CalinBeale
Gather round the camp fire, dear reader. I have a tale of illumination and wonder to tell.
After watching some well intentioned YouTube videos on “how electricity flows” it becomes apparent that even though we near the end of the digital age most people still do not know what
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I know why!
I can prove it! The Spinning Cavendish! g'=γg
As the universe cools, the energy cost per bit of information processing (Landauer) decreases, which manifests as faster time progression relative to the past - and thus the cosmological redshift we observe.
The expanse of the universe would be much easier to explain if we focussed on the voids - they seem to be the most important feature of the universe and drive its structure. The universe looks like soap bubbles, with galaxies being merely the colourful scum on the surface
Read the paper; Intriguing that timescape holds up with moderate or better Bayesian preference over most of the Zmin range. Had always wondered about the effects of inhomogeneities and voids, but had not run across this hypothesis, interesting that ~ 0.7 volume fraction spoofs
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Ngl I was trying to make the connection between all this and women’s cosmetics for at least 30 seconds.
Is this equivalent to light having different speeds in different media ? Beeing vacuum the highest ?
Dark Energy and Dark Matter are wrong. All we have to do is look to Proxima Centauri to prove this. Quantized Inertia is the theory that will revolutionize physics and give us space travel & electricity generation.
Ok, consider things from inside a GreatAttractor where a BigBang has started as a pool of energy finally breaking through incoming in 3-5+ hypocenters, some remnants not a perfect process
If the remnant is off-center it moves its next iteration in real space
The process is
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This would be spectacular if it holds up.
My only reservation would be: Did nobody think to check this before proposing dark matter/energy?
It would be flabbergasting if so, because it seems a rather obvious thing to include in models.
Please let this be the next wave of physics. I've long referred to the Dark Matter (and its equally evil twin, Dark Energy) as the largest fudge factor ever concocted. "Our models don't work? Add an arbitrary constant and POOF! they're golden."
There was a book... I read it as a young teen a long long time ago. Fire Upon the Deep by Vernor Vinge (sadly he passed this year I just discovered). It dealt with this topic as the core premiss of its space bound physics. The idea that EVERYTHING is faster in the deep void.
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What is the nature of an existence that is experienced entirely outside of time itself? Can a single decision that is made in a state of timelessness simultaneously affect EVERY point in time and space?
Groundbreaking reconciliation of creationism with natural science.
Haven't read much into it yet, but that sounds pretty suggestive of us being in a simulation. In the spaces where hardly anything is there, more events per unit time can take place, helping to even out the simulation.
This all boils down to the difference in the mass density of a galactic cluster and the voids. I assume that such a difference is negligible to cause such time distortions, but it is at least worth consideration. What is described as time running much faster in the voids may be
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Is it possible we have not found Dark Energy all these years, because it really isn’t there?
Forgive my cluelessness, here’s what I got.
So, the less dense voids react differently to expansion of the universe than more dense space?
And lambda might be due to this.
I also got, time is slower in the voids…?
Would we see the time difference in the ort cloud? Where
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There is also the very likely idea that gravity has different speeds depending on the frequency unlike EMf…
Does the model reinterpret data to fit the model?
For example, Bitcoin also dilutes time to run "slower" but mining power suggests Bitcoin is rooted in physical energy where nuclear physics drives macroscopic time dilution.
Why would time-dilution in cosmology be different?
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Great thread Andrew.
I will read the paper. Seems like a good candidate for someone to explore with a computer model.
I don’t like dark matter, dark energy, or the æther.
This makes a lot of sense. Almost too much sense (shifty eyes). But seriously Once you hear it, it does feel very obvious.
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My theory, If our observable universe is a tiny fraction of the entire universe.
You only need several 'our observable universe' weighted black holes outside our observable universe, and you get the acceleration we observe.
"Billions of years" of extra time over the course of 14 Gy would require a Lorentz factor of at most 0.9. And that's generous.
(1-v²/c²)^0.5 = 0.9
v ≈ 0.22 c
Escape velocity in the galaxy clusters would have to be above 20% of light speed.
That ain't happening.
I’ve been waiting for something like this to come along. … That makes so much more sense than dark energy
I know very little on the subject, but I always thought the idea that "everything is expanding away from the centre" seemed a bit stupid... it only appears that way to the observer, from their POV.
"The accelerating expansion instead is simply because time runs faster in the voids between galaxies."
Is the most obvious, oh my god ofcourse, how did I not think of that thing I've heard all year.
Does this also explain why they need to resync satellite clocks with earth based time?
I thought the time dilation was due to the high velocity of the satellites?
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This doesn’t check out. Cool thread, but needs peer review. You are saying the voids are growing faster because time is moving faster there. Voids are defined by their edges. Why would the matter at the edges be moving away from itself faster just because the empty space between
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All the Nobel Prizes in physics over the last 100 years will need to be invalidated.
I’m a total layman so forgive my ignorance but how does this explain the redshifting in non void parts of space? Like okay I can see how a void where time is moving faster would make matter on the opposite end of the void appear as if it’s speeding away but what about matter on
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This makes a lot of sense and is certainly more plausible than "random invisible matter we made up".
It's all just gravity, at extreme distance, counteracting the momentum of the universe's expansion.
Correct…sort of. Time has density. The void between galaxies has a greater density of time. Matter lowers time density. Time doesn’t “run faster” or “stop” as it appears to at the event horizon. These are the two extremes of time density. One where the perception of action in a
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